Divorce Law

International Divorce: What is a Jurisdiction Battle and Why Does It Matter?
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International Divorce: What is a Jurisdiction Battle and Why Does It Matter?

Ruben Sinha

Partner in the Family Team

JMW Solicitors LLP

You may live in England, own property overseas or have a spouse who spends much of their time in another country. If your marriage ends, more than one court may be able to deal with the divorce and the court chosen could have a major impact on your finances. Taking advice before either spouse starts proceedings can help you protect your position and avoid a costly dispute.

What is a jurisdiction battle?

A jurisdiction battle is a disagreement about which country’s courts should deal with a divorce. It can arise, for example, where one spouse starts proceedings in England and Wales while the other believes the case should be dealt with abroad.

Why does it matter where you divorce?

The country dealing with your divorce may also decide the financial arrangements that follow it. Different courts can take different approaches to property, businesses, trusts, pensions, maintenance, inherited wealth, assets owned before the marriage and pre-nuptial or post-nuptial agreements. The choice of court may therefore affect what information must be disclosed, how particular assets are treated, whether an agreement carries weight, how readily an order can be enforced and the overall cost and timing of the case. For families with substantial or complex wealth, those differences can be significant.

Can you divorce in England and Wales?

Before the English court can deal with a divorce, there must be a sufficient legal connection with England and Wales. The relevant rules are set out in section 5 of the Domicile and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1973. The court will usually look at where each spouse normally lives and, in some cases, where they regard as their permanent home.

These concepts have precise legal meanings. “Habitual residence” broadly means where your life is centred. “Domicile” is different and looks at your permanent home and intentions. The court may consider where you live and work, how settled you are, your family life, and your plans for the future. No single fact will necessarily decide the issue.

If divorce proceedings are already taking place in another country, the English court may be asked to pause—or “stay”—the English case under Schedule 1 to the 1973 Act. The court will consider which country has the closest connection with the family and where the case can be dealt with most fairly and conveniently.

The court may look at where the family has lived, where the assets and evidence are, the progress of each country’s proceedings, likely delay and expense, whether any eventual order can be enforced, and whether both courts can achieve a fair result. Starting first can be relevant, but it does not automatically mean that country will deal with the divorce.

It is also important not to assume that the country dealing with the divorce will necessarily resolve every financial issue. Questions may arise about whether financial claims can be made in another country, whether orders will be recognised or enforced overseas, and whether separate advice is required in relations to tax, trusts, companies or immigration. Mapping those issues at the outset can reveal risks that are not apparent from the divorce application alone.

Should you act quickly?

Yes, but the right strategy is more important than simply trying to issue divorce proceedings first. If proceedings have started, or may be about to start, in another country, advice should be taken immediately on jurisdiction, enforcement and the risk of conflicting orders. There may be steps available to protect your position, but court orders stopping or restricting foreign proceedings are exceptional. Rushing to court without a sound legal and evidential basis can increase costs, expose strategy prematurely and make the wider financial dispute harder to resolve.

Practical steps to take 

  1. Take advice before starting or responding to proceedings. You may need coordinated advice in more than one country.
  2. Prepare a simple timeline. Record where you and your spouse have lived and worked, your important moves and the dates of any court proceedings.
  3. Keep relevant documents. These may include travel records, immigration documents, tax records, property papers and evidence about your future plans.
  4. Tell your lawyer about any overseas steps. Share details of every foreign application, hearing, agreement or order as soon as possible.
  5. Identify where the assets and decision-makers are. Consider homes, businesses, pensions, trusts and investments, together with the location of trustees, company records, advisers and key documents. Your legal team will also need to consider whether an order made in one country can be recognised and enforced in another.

How legal advice can help

International divorce cases are highly fact-specific, and the right approach will depend on the connections between the family, their finances and the countries involved. Early specialist advice can clarify which courts may have jurisdiction, identify immediate risks and bring together the legal, financial, tax and enforcement issues that may affect the family’s wider wealth. Where advice is required in more than one country, a coordinated strategy can reduce uncertainty, avoid conflicting steps and help ensure that important decisions are made with a clear view of their long-term consequences.

About Ruben Sinha

Ruben Sinha is a Partner in JMW’s Family Law team and Head of JMW Signature, the firm’s cross-practice service for high and ultra-high net worth individuals, families, family offices and family businesses. He advises on complex divorce and financial cases involving substantial wealth, international assets, businesses, trusts, nuptial agreements and asset protection. 

Ruben has particular experience of cases in which family law issues overlap with wider questions of ownership, governance, tax, succession and long-term wealth planning. He works closely with JMW colleagues across private wealth, contentious trusts, tax, corporate and other specialist teams, as well as trusted advisers in overseas jurisdictions, to provide coordinated and practical advice. Ruben’s approach is strategic and commercially focused. He helps clients understand the immediate legal issues while keeping sight of the wider financial picture, the need for discretion and the long-term consequences for the client, their family and any underlying business or wealth structures.

Family Court Leaves Children In Uncertainty For Nine Months
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Family Court Leaves Children In Uncertainty For Nine Months

Alison Bull
Alison Bull
Partner
Mills & Reeve LLP
Donna Morgan
Donna Morgan
Counsellor and Therapist
Donna Morgan Counselling
Jane Ingleby
Jane Ingleby
Partner
Mills & Reeve LLP

 

 

 

 

 

 

Private law family court cases took an average of nine months to conclude over the last two years, meaning children involved in proceedings are effectively spending the equivalent of a full school year or around six summer holidays in legal limbo, new analysis reveals.

The research, conducted by leading law firm Mills & Reeve, used Freedom of Information requests submitted to HM Courts and Tribunals Service (HMCTS) to obtain detailed data on private family court cases across 2024 and 2025, including case volumes, duration, hearing rates and regional variation.

Across private law, the family courts dealt with 44,494 cases in 2024, with an average duration of 41.8 weeks and 2.5 hearings per case. In the first half of 2025, there were 20,075 cases, with an average duration of 39.7 weeks and 2.4 hearings per case.

Commenting on the findings, Alison Bull, partner at Mills & Reeve, said: “It’s clear that too many families are still facing significant delays in the family courts, with cases routinely lasting around nine months. For children, that is not just a legal process on paper, it’s the equivalent of a full school year spent in uncertainty or around six summer holidays. Research shows that outcomes for children and young people can be negatively affected by ongoing parental disagreement and conflict, which can further feed into that uncertainty.

“While there are some signs of modest improvement in parts of the system, overall progress remains limited and uneven. The picture continues to point to sustained pressure on the family courts, with persistent delays and variability in outcomes across different types of cases and regions, indicating that underlying challenges in capacity and timeliness have not yet been fully addressed.”

These delays can prolong disputes and make it more difficult for families to move forward, leaving children without stability or certainty while arrangements remain unresolved. Donna Morgan, an experienced counsellor with more than 26 years of practice supporting children, young people, adults and families, said:

“In my experience, it’s often the uncertainty surrounding separation and divorce that has the greatest emotional impact on children. Children are remarkably resilient when they feel safe, informed and supported. However, when decisions remain unresolved for extended periods, children can be left feeling anxious, confused and emotionally unsettled.

“Children rely on stability and predictability to feel secure. When they are unsure where they will live or when they will see each parent, many begin to worry about things they cannot control. What they need is reassurance, consistency and confidence that the adults around them are working to protect their wellbeing. This can make a significant difference to a child’s emotional health both during separation and in the years that follow.”

Across both years, the North West remained the highest region for hearings per private law family court case across both 2024 and 2025, recording an average of 2.8. Meanwhile, London recorded the lowest average hearings per case in 2024 at 2.3, while Wales recorded the lowest average in 2025 at 2.1.

As a result of these delays, family arbitrations in England and Wales have doubled since 2023, according to figures from the Institute of Family Law Arbitrators. This followed a rule change in 2024 requiring parties to consider alternative forms of dispute resolution before proceeding to court.

Family arbitration is a private process used to resolve financial and children arrangement disputes when couples separate, providing a binding decision without the need for court proceedings where agreement cannot be reached through mediation or negotiation. It can be used to resolve disputes concerning children as well as financial matters.

Jane Ingleby, partner at Mills & Reeve, added: “When court timetables are stretched, families often benefit from considering alternative routes to resolution. Solutions like family arbitration offer a private and structured way to resolve disputes about finances and children without the delays of court. 

“It allows parties to choose an experienced decision-maker, set more flexible timetables and reach binding outcomes more quickly, while maintaining confidentiality. For many separating couples, it can provide a more efficient and focused way of resolving issues at what is often a very difficult time.”

Donna has also shared five tips for parents supporting children through separation:  

  • Provide age-appropriate honesty: Children need truthful information that is appropriate for their age and level of understanding. 
  • Maintain routines wherever possible: Regular routines around school, activities, mealtimes and bedtime help children feel secure.
  • Keep children out of adult conflict: Children should never feel responsible for managing communication between parents or be asked to take sides. 
  • Encourage emotional expression: Create opportunities for children to talk, ask questions, draw, play, or express their emotions in ways that feel comfortable and natural to them. 
  • Offer frequent reassurance: Remind them that the separation is not their fault and that the adults around them are working together to keep them safe and cared for.

Read more articles by Mills & Reeves LLP.

About Alison Bull

Alison is a highly experienced family mediator, financial and children arbitrator, and lawyer. She is passionate about sorting things out without attending court if possible, and used to handling complex, conflictual situations in England & Wales and internationally. She focuses on the bigger picture and the best interests of children, and is an effective litigator when required. Alison helps clients to agree parenting plans, and with issues about property, businesses, trusts, pensions and international assets. As well as working with individuals, she has conducted many cases working with separating couples who want to reach agreement together in mediation or with the advice of one lawyer.

About Donna Morgan

Donna Morgan is an experienced counsellor with more than 26 years of practice supporting children, young people, adults and families. She specialises in anxiety, trauma, family relationships, separation and emotional wellbeing. Drawing on a humanistic and trauma-informed approach, Donna helps parents and children navigate significant life transitions with greater emotional safety, resilience and understanding.

Alongside her private practice in Surrey, Donna has extensive experience working within educational settings and supporting families through periods of change, conflict and emotional challenge. Her work focuses on helping parents better understand their children’s emotional needs while building healthier communication and stronger family relationships during times of transition.

About Jane Ingleby

Jane is a highly experienced family law solicitor, with a particular focus on complex financial and children matters. Her practice includes high-conflict child arrangements, allegations of alienating behaviours and domestic abuse, UK and international relocation and surrogacy.

She is also highly skilled in advising on the financial aspects of separation, especially in cases involving businesses and trusts. In addition, Jane provides expert guidance on wealth protection, including pre- and post-nuptial agreements.

Term-Time Holiday Fines: What Happens When Separated Parents Disagree
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Term-Time Holiday Fines: What Happens When Separated Parents Disagree

Teresa Davidson
Teresa Davidson
Partner & Head of Family
Winston Solicitors

Every August, the same story runs. The fines have gone up. It’s £80 per parent, per child, doubling to £160 if you don’t pay in time. Take three children to Spain in June, and the cost gets uncomfortable quickly.

However, what the coverage almost never addresses is the household where the decision was never a joint one. Because a notice is issued per parent, a single trip can produce a fine for a parent who did not book it, did not agree to it and did not go. That is not an anomaly or a misapplication of the rules; it is simply how the framework works.

The framework introduced in August 2024 was designed to bring consistency to how absence is treated across England. It is admirably clear about what triggers a notice and what it costs. It is silent on the question separated parents most often ask: my ex booked this, so why am I being fined for it?

What the Rules Say About Fines

The National Framework for Penalty Notices took effect on 19 August 2024. It sets a single national threshold: a notice must be considered where a child has 10 sessions of unauthorised absence, usually five school days, within a rolling 10 school week period. Those absences do not need to be consecutive.

A first notice is £80 per parent, per child, if paid within 21 days, rising to £160 if paid between days 22 and 28. A second notice for the same child within three years is a flat £160. After two notices in three years, the local authority considers prosecution instead, and a conviction means a criminal record. Head teachers can authorise absence only in exceptional circumstances, and cheaper flights are not one of them.

All of that tells you what a fine costs, but none of it tells you what happens when the two people with parental responsibility disagree.

Why the Law Counts You as a Parent Even if You Said No

Here is the point that catches people out, and the reason the framework produces results that feel so unjust to separated families.

For education law purposes, “parent” is defined far more widely than most people expect. It captures every biological or adoptive parent, everyone else holding parental responsibility, and, separately, any person who has care of the child. It says nothing about who booked the holiday, who paid for it, or who travelled. The legislation asks who the child’s parents are, not who made the decision, and that distinction is the whole difficulty for separated families.

The practical effect is that a parent who did not consent, did not book and stayed at home all week still falls within the definition, and can be issued with a notice on that basis. Depending on the circumstances, a new partner with day-to-day care of the child may fall within it too, even without parental responsibility.

To illustrate how quickly that can add up, imagine a separated couple with two children. One parent takes both away for a week in term time without the other’s agreement. In principle, that is four notices, one to each parent for each child. Paid promptly, that would come to £320. Left beyond 21 days, it would be £640.

Can Both Parents be Fined for One Trip?

In principle, yes, but in practice, it depends significantly on where you live. Local authorities decide whether to issue, and approaches vary. Some will consider written representations from a parent who neither knew about nor consented to the absence. Others issue to both as a matter of routine. It is worth contacting the attendance team promptly, and in writing, to find out which applies to you.

Understanding what a penalty notice is helps here. It is an out-of-court settlement offered as an alternative to prosecution, not to a conviction, and there is no formal right of appeal. The realistic choices are to pay, or to decline and put your case forward if prosecution follows. Keep in mind that the second route carries real risk and should not be taken without advice, because the available defences are narrow.

If you are making representations, what is likely to carry weight is evidence that you objected: a dated message to the other parent, an email to the school before the absence asking that your objection be recorded, confirmation of the child arrangements in place.

Object in writing to the other parent and to the school, and do it before the trip rather than after the notice arrives.

How the Court Can Stop a Trip Before it Happens

Taking a child out of school for a holiday is an exercise of parental responsibility. Where parents who share it cannot agree, the family court can decide for them.

A Prohibited Steps Order under section 8 of the Children Act 1989 prevents a particular step being taken without the court’s permission. In this context, that step would be removing the child from school during term time, or taking them out of the country for the trip. In deciding whether to make the order, the court applies the welfare checklist, weighing the disruption to the child’s education against the value of the holiday itself, and considering whether the objection is genuinely child-focused.

Section 8 also helps the parent on the other side of the argument. A Specific Issue Order asks the court to decide a particular question about a child’s upbringing, and the travelling parent can apply for one to seek approval for the trip when the other parent refuses.

Timing matters enormously. These applications can be made urgently, and in a genuine emergency without notice, but the court prefers advance notice and evidence that agreement was attempted first. In most cases you will also be expected to have attended a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting. A parent who takes advice in April about a June trip has options, but a parent who calls two days before departure has very few.

If the trip involves taking the child overseas, the issue may be far more serious than an unauthorised absence. Taking a child out of the UK without the consent of everyone with parental responsibility, or without the court’s permission, can amount to child abduction.

There is one exception, which is if a child arrangements order names you as the person the child lives with. Then, you can take them abroad for up to a month without the other parent’s consent. However, that exception only covers taking the child out of the country. It says nothing about school. A parent relying on it is still keeping the child out of lessons without authorisation, and can still be fined for it.

If you Already Have a Child Arrangements Order

Most child arrangements orders deal with where a child lives and/or when they spend time with each parent. Few say anything useful about term time travel or who applies to the school for leave of absence.

That gap is worth closing. Provisions that repay the effort include a minimum notice period for proposed holidays, an express agreement that neither parent will book term time travel without the other’s written consent, and agreement on how any penalty will be shared.

What to do Next

If you want to travel in term time, then ask the head teacher in advance and expect refusal. Secure the other parent’s written agreement before you book. Agree in writing who bears any penalty. Remember that going ahead without agreement may fine the other parent too, which rarely improves the co-parenting relationship.

If you object, then say so in writing, immediately, and keep the record. Tell the school before the absence. Take advice early rather than in the final week, when the options have already narrowed. If a notice arrives, do not simply ignore it.

The disagreement addressed in April is usually resolved with a conversation or a letter. The same disagreement left until the week of departure is resolved with an urgent court application, at far greater cost, and with the child considerably more aware of it. That last point is the one worth holding on to.

This article is general information about the law in England as at the date of publication and is not legal advice. Penalty amounts, thresholds and local authority practice are subject to change.

About Teresa Davidson

Teresa Davidson is a Partner and Head of Family at Winston Solicitors, advising on all aspects of private children law, including child arrangements, disputes over parental responsibility and urgent applications to the family court.

Why Proposed Reforms are Vital to Financially Protect Cohabiting Couples
Happy young couple moving to new house together.
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Why Proposed Reforms are Vital to Financially Protect Cohabiting Couples

Katie Jennings
Katie Jennings
Solicitor
Jones Myers

Jones Myers niche family law firm  has been at the forefront of ongoing campaigns to overhaul outdated cohabitation laws which currently do not give couples living together legal protection or rights if they split up.    

This is a far cry from the situation with married couples, who, on separation, are safeguarded in crucial areas such as savings, income, pensions, property, business interests, and their children’s future.

We therefore embrace proposals at the heart of a Government consultation which seeks to protect cohabitants who are parting ways in areas including financial remedies – and in situations when one of them dies without leaving a will.

As a specialist family law firm we are frequently instructed by clients – who have been cohabiting and are unmarried or in a civil partnership – and who are unaware that they have no automatic rights to their partner’s property or savings when their relationship breaks down.   

The current situation can cause even more uncertainly when there are children from the relationship. 

As we await the outcome of the proposed changes, we suggest that cohabitees in this situation  obtain advice about their protections under the law – ideally before they move in together – or at any stage of their cohabiting relationship. 

More couples are entering into Cohabitation Agreements which set out how financial matters within the relationship will be managed . The contracts are especially useful documents in circumstances where people already own assets in their sole names or have made purchases with contributions from parents or from inheritance. They provide an essential roadmap for them to follow should they split up.  

It is important that each party seeks independent legal advice and discloses all financial information in the lead up to signing the agreement, which should be reviewed regularly.

Entered into correctly, a cohabitation agreement is legally binding and can be used as the framework for a Prenuptial Agreement should marriage be on the cards. 

Jones Myers is committed to helping our clients navigate these issues, whether through our team of specialist family lawyers or through our experienced mediation practitioners. 

More on the Government consultation, which closes on August 14, can be found here.  

For queries on cohabitation agreements or any areas of divorce and family law, call 0113 246 0055 (Leeds) 01423 276104 (Harrogate), 202550 (York). Visit www.jonesmyers.co.uk, email info@jonesmyers.co.uk or tweet @helpwithdivorce

Jones Myers blog is ranked 5th in the 20 Best UK Family Law Blogs to Follow in 2026.

Read more articles by Jones Myers.

About Katie Jennings

Katie is a member of Jones Myers’ award-winning Divorce and Financial Remedies Department. A family law specialist skilled in litigation, Katie is also a family mediator currently working towards accreditation with the Family Mediation Council. 

Committed to reaching solutions which avoid going to court, Katie was drawn to Jones Myers’ standing as  a leading niche family law firm with a focus on resolving relationship breakdown through non-confrontational routes. Katie is based at the York city centre offices of Jones Myers at The Quadrant, Bootham Row.   

Financial Independence After Separation: Three Steps to a Better Future
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Financial Independence After Separation: Three Steps to a Better Future

Elspeth Kinder
Elspeth Kinder
Partner & Joint Head of Family Law
JMW Solicitors LLP

For many people, the final divorce order or financial settlement is expected to feel like the finish line. It matters, of course: the marriage has legally ended, the financial arrangements have been decided, and the immediate uncertainty may have reduced. Yet this is often the point at which a different set of questions becomes louder. Can I manage the household finances alone? What needs to change now? How do I turn the terms of my financial settlement into a life that feels secure, manageable and genuinely mine?

As a family lawyer, I help clients protect their position and reach clear, workable outcomes. As a divorce coach, I also support them with what comes next: rebuilding confidence, making decisions, and moving from simply coping to planning ahead. That continuity is important. Legal advice and coaching do different jobs, but together they can provide a more complete route towards independence.

What is financial independence?

You may have a court-approved agreement but still feel unsure about its practical effect. Perhaps you have never managed investments, pensions, tax returns or household bills. You may be moving home, returning to work, adjusting to a different income or trying to make decisions without the person who previously dealt with the finances. Even where the outcome is fair, the transition can feel daunting.

Financial independence does not mean knowing everything immediately, nor does it mean refusing help. It means understanding your position well enough to make informed choices, knowing where to obtain specialist advice and developing systems that reduce uncertainty. For some, that begins with opening online banking without anxiety. For others, it means understanding a pension share, taking control of a business interest or deciding how to use a lump sum without rushing.

Step One: Implementing your order

A final divorce order ends the marriage, but it does not by itself resolve financial claims. Any agreement about property, pensions, lump sums, or maintenance should be recorded in a court-approved financial order. If you are uncertain whether this has been done, or whether every part of an existing order has been implemented, seek advice before assuming matters are closed.

Check the dates and actions within the order. Is a property transfer complete? Should maintenance payments be varied? Keep the sealed order, final divorce order and key correspondence together. If circumstances change, or the other person does not comply, take advice promptly rather than allowing problems to accumulate.

Step two: Turning your settlement into everyday life

Once you’re confident your settlement is properly recorded, prepare a clear snapshot of your new financial life. Record income, essential spending, debts, savings, pensions and insurance. Use these figures to build a realistic monthly budget rather than one based on an ideal month. Include annual costs such as car insurance, school expenses, holidays and home repairs. A separate contingency fund built gradually if necessary, can make unexpected costs feel less destabilising.

Next, review any practical arrangements that still reflect married life. This may include updating bank mandates, standing orders, credit cards and digital subscriptions, as well as checking who can access shared accounts or cloud storage. Where appropriate, update passwords and recovery details so that your personal and financial information remains secure.

Some financial decisions should not be made without specialist advice. Choices about how to hold or invest a lump sum, draw pension benefits, structure borrowing or deal with tax can have significant and sometimes irreversible consequences. A regulated financial adviser or wealth manager can help you understand the options, forecast future expenditure and test how different decisions may affect your income and capital over time. Taking advice at an early stage can help you avoid making rushed choices, use the settlement in a way that reflects your priorities and put in place a realistic plan for longer-term financial security. Your family lawyer can help identify when specialist financial, tax or mortgage advice is needed. 

Step three: Believe in yourself — and seek support when you need it

During divorce proceedings, there is usually a timetable and a professional team. Once the legal work ends, that structure can disappear almost overnight. Friends and family may expect you to feel relieved, while you may feel exhausted and overwhelmed by ordinary tasks. This is not a failure to move on. It is often the natural consequence of having spent months making high-stakes decisions while also managing work, children and emotional change.

Many of my clients find at this stage, coaching can be an invaluable tool. Coaching offers a confidential, forward-looking space in which to decide what matters now. It is not therapy, financial advice or a substitute for legal advice. A coach can help you break large problems into realistic steps, prepare for difficult conversations, recognise unhelpful patterns, set boundaries and remain accountable to the plans you have made. The aim is not to tell you what to do, but to help you recover confidence in your ability to decide.

Once the legal work has concluded, coaching can provide structure whilst you adjust to the practical realities of your new circumstances. This might include preparing questions for a financial adviser, setting realistic short- and longer-term goals, and developing routines for reviewing spending and progress. Coaching does not provide financial recommendations, but it can help you feel better prepared to engage with the appropriate specialists, make informed decisions and take greater ownership of your financial life.

Begin with the right next step

You do not need a perfect five-year plan. Begin by asking: what is still legally unresolved, what is causing the greatest practical pressure and what single action would give me more clarity this week? The answer might be locating your financial order, preparing a budget, booking an appointment with a financial adviser or simply creating a list of questions.

Divorce closes one legal chapter, but financial independence is built through the choices that follow. With the right legal foundations, practical systems and continuing support, the aftermath of separation can become more than an ending. It can be the point at which you begin to feel informed, capable and in control of your future.

Read more articles by Elspeth Kinder.

About Elspeth Kinder

Elspeth joined JMW Solicitors in May 2018 as a Partner and Joint Head of the Family Team. Elspeth is recognised as a leader in her field by the legal directories Legal 500 and Chambers and Partners for her experience in all aspects of the law relating to personal relationships:

Divorce is Rarely About Just One Thing
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Divorce is Rarely About Just One Thing

Anthony Davis
Anthony Davis
Founder and Director
By Personal Touch

One of the most common misconceptions about divorce is that it is a single event. People often think of it as completing a form, obtaining a Final Order, and then moving on with life. In reality, those of us who work with separating couples every day know that divorce is rarely that simple. More often than not, the legal ending of a marriage is just one part of a much wider journey that affects finances, housing, children, future planning, and sometimes a person’s confidence in making decisions about the next chapter of their life. 

At By Personal Touch, we speak to hundreds of people every year who are at very different stages of that journey. Some contact us within days of a separation, feeling overwhelmed and unsure where to begin. Others have already spent months trying to resolve matters themselves and simply need help formalising an agreement. Some are facing court proceedings and need practical support to navigate a process they never imagined they would have to understand. What unites almost all of them is the feeling that they have been dropped into unfamiliar territory and are trying to make important life decisions without a map. 

It is often only when we begin talking through their circumstances that they realise divorce is not simply about obtaining a divorce. There are usually several important decisions that sit behind the legal process itself. Questions arise about the family home, pensions, savings, debts, arrangements for children, future inheritance planning, and the practical realities of building a new life after separation. Whilst every family’s circumstances are different, the same themes appear time and time again. 

Many couples who come to us have already managed to reach some form of agreement. They have had difficult conversations around the kitchen table, exchanged countless messages, and eventually found a way forward that feels fair to both of them. There is often a sense of relief when that point is reached. The conflict has reduced, communication has improved, and both individuals feel ready to move on. Yet one of the most important lessons we have learned over the years is that reaching an agreement is not necessarily the end of the process. In many ways, it is the beginning of ensuring that agreement is properly protected. 

A significant part of our work involves helping couples formalise financial settlements through Financial Consent Orders. Whilst this may sound like a technical legal process, the reality is that it is often about providing certainty. People who have worked hard to negotiate a settlement want reassurance that the agreement they have reached will stand the test of time. They want confidence that future financial claims have been properly addressed and that both parties can move forward without the fear of unexpected disputes years down the line. The value of that certainty should never be underestimated. Divorce is emotionally exhausting enough without leaving important financial matters unresolved. 

What often surprises people is that many of the most successful outcomes do not originate in a courtroom. They begin with a conversation. Mediation has become an increasingly important part of helping families navigate separation because it provides a structured environment in which people can discuss difficult issues constructively. There is a common misconception that mediation is only suitable for couples who get along well. In practice, we often see the opposite. Some individuals arrive frustrated, hurt, and convinced that agreement is impossible. Yet when provided with the right environment and support, many are able to have conversations that simply were not possible around the kitchen table. 

The reason mediation can be so effective is that it encourages people to focus on solutions rather than positions. Instead of concentrating on who is right and who is wrong, the discussion shifts towards what arrangements are needed for the future. This can be particularly valuable where children are involved. Whilst the marriage may have come to an end, the responsibilities of parenting continue long after the legal process is complete. Creating a framework for constructive communication can often prove more valuable than any court order. 

Of course, not every case can be resolved through agreement alone. There are situations where communication has broken down completely, where important financial information has not been disclosed, or where significant disputes exist regarding children or finances. When matters progress to court, many people find themselves entering a world that feels intimidating and confusing. The family justice system has its own procedures, language, expectations, and deadlines. For someone who has never previously been involved in legal proceedings, the experience can feel overwhelming. 

This is where practical litigation support becomes so important. One of the most rewarding aspects of our work is helping people understand the process they are facing. Fear often stems from uncertainty. When individuals understand what documents are required, what a hearing is likely to involve, and what steps come next, they are usually able to approach proceedings with far greater confidence. Whilst nobody chooses to find themselves involved in litigation, having guidance and support can make the experience significantly less daunting. 

Yet even once financial settlements have been agreed, mediation concluded, and court proceedings finalised, another stage of the journey often remains. Separation frequently creates significant changes in a person’s financial and personal circumstances. A family home may need to be sold or transferred. A new property may be purchased. Existing Wills may no longer reflect an individual’s wishes. Beneficiaries may need to be reconsidered, and future plans properly documented. 

It is remarkable how often people devote months to resolving their divorce but overlook the practical steps needed to protect their future afterwards. Updating a Will, reviewing ownership arrangements, and ensuring that property matters are dealt with correctly are all part of creating long-term security. These decisions may not carry the same emotional weight as the separation itself, but they are often just as important in helping people move forward with confidence. 

Over the years, what has become increasingly clear is that successful separations are rarely defined by a single document or a single court order. They are defined by whether people feel able to move forward with clarity and certainty about the future. The legal process is important, but it is only one element of a much bigger picture. Financial security, effective communication, practical support, and future planning all play a role in helping families transition from one chapter of life to the next. 

Every person who contacts By Personal Touch has their own story. Their circumstances, concerns, and priorities are unique. However, beneath those individual stories lies a common objective. They want reassurance that they are making the right decisions. They want to understand their options. Most importantly, they want to know that there is a pathway through what can often feel like one of the most challenging periods of their lives. 

Divorce marks the end of a relationship, but it should also provide the opportunity for a new beginning. When the right support is available, people are able to make informed decisions, protect what matters most to them, and build a solid foundation for the future. That is why we believe divorce is never simply about obtaining a divorce. It is about helping people navigate every stage of the journey, from reaching agreement and formalising settlements, through to resolving disputes, planning for the future, and ultimately moving forward with confidence. 

About Anthony Davis

Anthony Davis is the Founder and Director of By Personal Touch, a leading UK-based divorce support service helping separating couples navigate financial settlements, mediation, litigation support, and future planning. With a background in family law and dispute resolution, Anthony has assisted hundreds of individuals through some of life’s most challenging transitions, focusing on practical, affordable, and accessible solutions. He is passionate about helping people understand their options, avoid costly mistakes, and move forward with confidence following separation. 

For more information, visit www.bypersonaltouch.com.

When Court is the Only Solution in Divorce
A guide to when court may be the only solution in divorce, including the process, risks, and key considerations.
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When Court is the Only Solution in Divorce

Nicki Mitchell
Nicki Mitchell
Partner
Jones Myers

As a niche family law firm which champions a non-confrontational approach to divorce, Jones Myers always strives to offer our clients alternative options to a court divorce such as mediation or collaborative family practice. 

Clients undergoing divorce are at a crossroads of their lives and do not take such an enormous decision lightly. It presents numerous emotional, financial and practical challenges, even where both agree the relationship is over.  

While our experienced family law experts do everything we can to help them to choose the right path for their circumstances, sometimes going to court is the only viable option. I explain in more detail below.     

In what circumstances do couples choose a court divorce? 

This largely depends on the advice they receive. Whilst most lawyers will explain all the Non Court Dispute Resolution (NCDR) options to clients, some, who may perhaps have less or no experience in this area, are more inclined to recommend court applications.  

The court process has its place. A Judge can compel the production of financial information, ultimately, though rarely, by sending someone guilty of non-disclosure to prison. The court can also order third parties, such as accountants and other advisers who hold information relevant to the case, to provide information. 

In extreme cases – in particular where there is a lack of engagement in the process – a court can make orders without engaging with one of the couple. 

What is involved in a court process?

Before an application can be made to the court for a Financial Order – which sets out how the financial assets of separating couples will be divided – an application must have been made for a divorce or dissolution of a Civil Partnership. The various steps required can be found here.

Before applying for a Financial Order or a Child Arrangements Order – a court order court  setting out the living arrangements of a child or children involved in the divorce – the person proposing to make the application must either attend a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting (MIAM) or be eligible for one of a small number of exemptions.

The MIAM assesses whether mediation is an option for the separating couple. A financial application starts with the exchange of full financial disclosure which is then followed by a series of up to three main court hearings.   

What are the advantages of a court process? 

Court applications are often started because one of the couple refuses to engage. Only a Judge can compel someone to produce documents or make orders in the absence of co-operation.

The court’s role is to encourage couples to make agreed decisions about their finances and children. However, some couples, for a variety of reasons, are simply unable to reach agreement and need someone to make that decision for them.  In default of agreement, the court can impose binding decisions on them. 

…and the disadvantages?

In court proceedings couples run the risk that they will lose control of decisions which will affect them for years to come. They may well not agree with what the court imposes but in reality will find it difficult to do anything about it – appeals are rare and costly. 

There is no guaranteed privacy in a court divorce – journalists can obtain permission to report in family law courts on cases involving finances and/or children’s wellbeing and future.   

Couples are appointed a judge, who is unknown to them, and who potentially makes vital decisions on key issues about their future. Continuity is not assured, with different judges often involved at different stages of the proceedings.  

Court hearings can be costly, stressful and time consuming. They heighten conflict between the couple which inevitably has a negative impact on their children and wider family.  

The duration of a court divorce can vary significantly from a few months to years if the issues are  contested. The court system is under strain and there is always the risk that a hearing may be cancelled or put off if there is insufficient court time or no available Judge. 

Court orders, whether made by agreement or imposed by a Judge, are legally binding and enforceable.  Negotiated agreements are easily converted into court orders without the need for any hearings. 

What are the first steps for those in this situation to take?   

Knowing where to start on this path can seem overwhelming. Whichever route you take, it is vital to secure the best possible legal advice from highly experienced family law professionals like Jones Myers who are members of family law group Resolution and have a strong track record in their respective fields.  

In circumstances when going to court is a client’s only viable option, Jones Myers is highly experienced in litigating in all court arenas from the Magistrate’s Court through to The Supreme Court.

Our legal experts are dedicated to safeguarding our clients’ best interests throughout the process, taking into careful consideration their immediate and long-term needs – and helping them to face the future with confidence.

For queries on divorce and family law, call 0113 246 0055 (Leeds) 01423 276104 (Harrogate), 202550 (York). Visit www.jonesmyers.co.uk, email info@jonesmyers.co.uk or tweet @helpwithdivorce.

Read more articles by Jones Myers.

Read more articles by Nicki Mitchell.

About Nicki Mitchell

With extensive experience in family law, Nicki specialises in the financial aspects of relationship breakdown – and particularly complex cases involving family businesses, multiple properties, and complicated pension arrangements. 

A skilled Mediator and Collaborative Family Lawyer, Nicki champions Alternative Dispute Resolution processes which avoid a lengthy court process and can lead much more quickly and cost effectively to a successful resolution.

Her exceptional track record also includes advising clients on the more traditional methods of resolving issues surrounding family breakdowns. Nicki.mitchell@jonesmyers.co.uk  01904 202553, www.jonesmyers.co.uk 

Do You Have to Use AI in Your UK Divorce?

Tucker Lieberman
Tucker Lieberman
Writer / Researcher
Custody X Change

UK solicitors, including those in family law firms, are using diverse AI tools in 2026. If you hire a solicitor, they’ll likely make some use of AI in your case. Exactly what use may be appropriate will vary depending on your situation. If you’re representing yourself, then it’s up to you what technology you use to organise your information and present your case to the court.

If you have legal representation

Family law involves the physical and emotional safety and overall well-being of adults and children. The tools that today we call “AI” can’t replace human sensitivity and expertise in this area. Legal experts do, however, use AI to enhance their research process and their judgments.

Many law firms use specialised AI systems that train on legal documents. These systems are called Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) because they retrieve specialised data to generate text. These systems are more accurate and effective than generic chatbots that train on whatever text they can scrape or are fed. RAG minimises what are called “hallucinations,” that is, words that do not correspond to reality.

Some AI tools are designed to give risk assessments — for example, about possible threats to a child’s well-being. These tools can be biased, insofar as there can be bias in data they reference or in how they are coded. Other tools are designed to help adults negotiate a financial compromise by predicting what they’ll settle for. This can speed up mediation or arbitration in family law.

A September 2024 survey conducted for Clio, a legal technology company, found that nearly all UK law firms were using AI in some way. Drafting documents was one of the most common uses. Most solicitors who were surveyed said they felt their use of AI did not make them more productive, improve their work quality, reduce their stress, or even save them time. They may have meant that they used it often and it wasn’t helpful, or that it was helpful but they didn’t yet use it often. Most reported that their firms intended to increase their use of AI.

One reason law firms use AI is that they know other firms are using it. The availability of AI resets expectations for what kind of legal representation is adequate. A solicitor is professionally obligated to represent their client competently; therefore, they may use AI especially if they believe it could help their client win or lower their client’s legal bills.

There is even an AI-only law firm, Garfield AI, the first of its kind in the UK. However, it doesn’t practice family law. It generates letters to recover small debts. If you seek help from a family law firm, there will be a human involved in the process.

 

If you’re handling your court case on your own

Simply because “you don’t know what you don’t know,” try to at least consult with a legal expert if at all possible. They can let you know if they anticipate you might need to pay attention to a certain topic or if you might encounter something complex. If you can’t afford the help you need, see if you qualify for legal aid. Be aware that a designated assistant called a McKenzie friend can come to court with you.

Divorces and cases for child arrangements are stressful. Reading and writing can be part of that stress, and sometimes people look for ways to smooth the path. A basic AI program can help you summarise a stack of documents, draft a letter, change your text to make it sound formal for court or simple enough for a child to understand, or translate between English and another language.

Even so, don’t rely on AI to do all your research and communication for you. Remember that AI can overlook important information, suggest wording that’s false or otherwise inadvisable for you to say, and miss the nuance of what others have said. There are many reasons not to make a parenting plan with AI — for example, you’d be better off using a template that has a history of being accepted in court. And you’ll want to make your own schedule carefully so you know exactly what parental responsibilities you’re promising, down to the hour.

Don’t ask a mainstream AI platform like ChatGPT for legal advice. Though it may be able to generally describe the law where you live, it could leave you with inaccurate impressions, as it has likely trained on information about the United States and other countries. Secondly, no AI program begins with any unique facts about your case, like the real reason you broke up with your ex or what homework help your child needs. Before it could even begin to summarise your situation, you’d have to provide a lot of private information, which you might not feel comfortable providing to an AI company. And even with that information, a basic AI text generator might not be able to help you protect yourself or strategise.

 

Choose how to organise and present your own information

You and your children deserve to put your best foot forward and make your strongest possible case in court. A solicitor, if you hire one, will have ideas about how to do this, and they’ll likely use AI in some way. If you’re representing yourself, you can make your own choices about how you’ll comply with court requirements.

Everyone who goes to court can use technology to stay organised. You’ll likely want to record your living expenses, save your text messages with your ex, and format a professional-looking document. There’s software for this, like Custody X Change and other co-parenting apps, that doesn’t involve “AI.”

Read more articles by Tucker Lieberman.

Read more articles by Custody X Change.

About Tucker Lieberman

Tucker Lieberman is a Writer / Researcher for Custody X Change. After a decade with an investment company focusing on saving for university, he now writes about co-parenting arrangements.

About Custody X Change: This powerful tool helps divorced and single parents create parenting plans, track their custody schedules, manage expenses and more. Since 2005, we’ve helped over 60,000 parents ensure the best possible future for their children.

Artificial Intelligence in Divorce Proceedings and the Implications for Family Law
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Artificial Intelligence in Divorce Proceedings and the Implications for Family Law

Nichola Bright
Nichola Bright
Partner in our Family Law Team Myerson Solicitors

In this article, Nichola Bright, Partner and Family Lawyer at Myerson Solicitors explores the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within family law and the implications for both professionals and clients.

The use of AI within the legal profession has expanded rapidly in recent years, and family law is no exception. In divorce and financial remedy proceedings, AI is now being used by solicitors, litigants and, indirectly, considered by the judiciary. While AI offers clear advantages in terms of efficiency and accessibility, its integration into family law raises significant questions about accuracy, ethics, data protection and the proper administration of justice.

This article examines the current and emerging role of AI in divorce proceedings, with particular reference to professional practice, judicial guidance issued in October 2025, and the broader implications for the future of family law.

The Use of AI by Solicitors in Divorce Proceedings

Family law practitioners are increasingly adopting AI-enabled tools to assist with a range of preparatory and analytical tasks. Importantly, these tools are generally used to support, rather than supplant, professional legal judgment.

AI-assisted document review is now commonly deployed in cases involving extensive financial disclosure. Machine-learning tools can efficiently review bank statements, tax returns and corporate documents, identifying trends, inconsistencies or potential non-disclosure. This can be particularly valuable in complex financial remedy cases or where disclosure is voluminous.

Certain AI platforms are capable of analysing financial data to support asset identification, valuation exercises and scenario modelling. While such tools do not determine outcomes, they can assist solicitors in stress-testing settlement proposals and identifying areas requiring further investigation.

AI-powered legal research tools allow practitioners to search legislation, case law and commentary more efficiently, surfacing relevant authorities and summarising legal principles. Used appropriately, this enhances rather than replaces doctrinal analysis.

AI is also being used to assist with drafting preliminary documents, including chronologies, case summaries and initial correspondence. Professional oversight remains essential, particularly in family proceedings where nuance and precision are critical.

Judicial Guidance on the Use of AI (October 2025)

In October 2025, the Court and Tribunals Judiciary issued formal guidance addressing the use of AI within legal proceedings. The guidance reflects a cautious but pragmatic approach, recognising the inevitability of AI’s growing presence while emphasising the primacy of human responsibility.

Key Principles of the Guidance:

The guidance confirms that AI may be used for administrative, organisational and preparatory tasks, such as document summarisation or research support. However, it expressly warns against reliance on AI-generated legal analysis without independent verification.

The judiciary discourages the use of AI for tasks involving evaluative judgment, discretion or the balancing of competing interests, functions that lie at the core of judicial decision-making, particularly in family law.

The guidance also addresses the increasing use of AI by unrepresented litigants. While acknowledging that AI may assist in improving access to justice, the judiciary highlights risks including legal inaccuracies, misunderstanding of procedural requirements and the submission of AI-generated material that has not been properly scrutinised.

The Use of AI by Clients and Litigants

Beyond professional practice, AI is increasingly used directly by clients involved in divorce proceedings.

Many individuals use AI tools to research divorce law, court processes and financial remedies. This reflects a broader trend towards self-education and digital engagement with legal processes.

Some litigants use AI to draft summaries of their circumstances, prepare correspondence or generate preliminary submissions. While this may assist in articulating issues, it also raises concerns about accuracy and the risk of overconfidence in AI-generated outputs.

Benefits of AI in Divorce Proceedings

AI has the potential to reduce the time spent on routine tasks, allowing solicitors to allocate more resources to strategic advice, negotiation and advocacy. This may assist in managing legal costs and improving access to representation.

AI tools can translate complex legal concepts into more accessible language, contributing to better-informed clients and more meaningful participation in the legal process.

The Importance of Legal-Specific AI

A critical distinction must be drawn between generic AI tools and legal-specific AI software. Legal AI platforms are typically jurisdiction-specific, regularly updated and designed with professional safeguards. These include research databases, document automation tools and disclosure analysis systems, which are better suited to legal practice than general-purpose AI.

Risks and Ethical Considerations

AI systems may produce outputs that are persuasive in tone but legally inaccurate or incomplete. In family law, where outcomes are highly fact-sensitive, such errors carry significant risk.

The use of AI raises serious data protection issues, particularly where sensitive personal or financial data is processed by third-party systems. Compliance with data protection and professional confidentiality obligations remains paramount.

AI systems may reflect inherent biases within their training data and may oversimplify complex legal or factual issues. Family law disputes rarely lend themselves to binary or formulaic solutions.

In cases involving domestic abuse or coercive control, AI may be misused as a tool of surveillance, manipulation or intimidation. Legal professionals must be alert to the potential for technology-facilitated abuse within family proceedings.

Can AI Replace Family Lawyers or Judges?

Despite its growing role, AI is unlikely to replace family lawyers or judges. Family law requires the exercise of discretion, empathy and moral judgment, qualities that remain uniquely human.

Legal advice involves interpreting law in context, negotiating outcomes and advocating for clients’ best interests. Judicial decision-making similarly requires the weighing of evidence, assessment of credibility and balancing of competing welfare considerations, particularly where children are concerned.

AI may assist with process and preparation, but it cannot replicate the human judgment essential to family justice.

Conclusion

To conclude, AI is becoming an increasingly influential tool in divorce proceedings, reshaping legal practice and client engagement. While it offers clear benefits in efficiency and accessibility, its use must be carefully regulated and ethically grounded. In family law, AI is no replacement for professional expertise and judicial discretion. The challenge for the legal profession lies in harnessing AI’s advantages while safeguarding the family justice system.

About Nichola Bright, Partner and Family Lawyer at Myerson Solicitors

Nichola has been practising family law since 2008 and has worked at highly regarded practices in Cheshire and Lancashire. Nichola joined Myerson in 2012 and was promoted to Senior Solicitor in 2015 and is now a Partner at the firm.

Nichola advises on a wide range of family matters, including divorce and high net-worth financial settlements, separation, co-habitation, pre-nuptial agreements, complex disputes regarding children, fertility law and surrogacy law.

Find out more about Nichola Bright here.

 

Budget 2025: What Families Need to Know When Planning Separation or Divorce
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Budget 2025: What Families Need to Know When Planning Separation or Divorce

Emma Davies
Emma Davies
Partner
Nelsons Law

The 2025 Autumn Budget brings several tax and financial reforms that could significantly affect separating couples, especially those with complex assets.

Emma Davies, partner and family law specialist at Nelsons, highlights that these updates make it even more important for families to plan ahead. Below Emma outlines the key changes and what they mean for those preparing for separation or divorce.

November’s Budget introduced a series of reforms that will shape how families manage their finances going through separation or divorce, some of these changes carry significant strategic implications.

While many headlines focused on support for lower-income families, the Budget also introduced reforms to the taxation of wealth, property income and investments. These shifts mean that separating couples, particularly those with complex assets, should take specialist advice earlier and plan their financial arrangements with even greater precision.

  1. Increased tax focus on wealth and asset income

A central theme of Budget 2025 is increased taxation on income derived from assets, including investment portfolios, rental properties and other passive income streams.

Why this matters during divorce

  • Asset-related tax liabilities can directly influence the value of a settlement.
  • Transfers of investment assets or property between spouses, traditionally tax-neutral, may now carry more considerations around future tax exposure.
  • Individuals with diversified portfolios will need to evaluate the tax efficiency of keeping or trading certain categories of assets, especially where maintenance obligations are involved.

The opportunity

This is the time to revisit tax planning, both before and during a divorce. With specialist advice and careful planning it is possible to preserve value and reduce future tax exposures.

  1. Property and investment portfolios require new strategy

Reforms affecting property income and the broader taxation of asset-derived wealth mean that real estate portfolios, buy-to-let interests and investment properties require closer evaluation during a divorce.

Potential impacts

  • Rental income may attract different tax treatment, affecting affordability of ongoing financial commitments.
  • Timing of asset disposals, particularly high-value properties or shares, becomes more important.
  • Practical takeaway

During negotiations, it’s no longer just about who gets what, but who can most efficiently hold a particular asset class going forward and it will be important to work in tandem with your family lawyer and other professional advisers.

  1. Pension and long-term wealth planning take centre stage

The Budget includes reforms to pensions and savings support including caps on salary sacrifice pension contributions which means these schemes will become less tax advantageous.  In turn, this affects long-term financial planning during divorce as the ability of divorcing couples to rebuild their pensions post-divorce needs to be considered and may affect how settlements are structured.

For individuals with substantial pension wealth, this means:

  • Greater scrutiny on how pensions are shared or offset.
  • Increased importance of actuarial valuation to ensure fair outcomes.
  • More strategic use of pensions as part of overall settlement structuring.

Given the complexity, specialist advice is highly recommended when reviewing pension division and post-divorce retirement planning.

  1. Tax threshold freezes: A slow-burning impact

Personal tax thresholds remain frozen, effectively pulling more individuals into higher tax bands over time (“fiscal drag”).

For some individuals, this means:

  • Increased exposure to higher tax rates on both earned and investment income.
  • Potential increases in effective maintenance obligations.
  • More need for forward-thinking cash-flow planning post-divorce.

This change subtly but meaningfully affects long-term affordability and financial planning for both parties.

  1. Changes to family benefits: Relevance for blended and larger families

Although primarily aimed at lower-income families, the abolition of the two-child limit for Universal Credit and related child benefits has indirect implications for separated parents, blended families and households with childcare responsibilities split between homes.

For clients with more wealth, the relevance is twofold:

  • It may affect negotiations where one parent has significantly lower income or earns irregularly (e.g. entrepreneurs, directors, or individuals with fluctuating asset income).
  • Where school fees, childcare, and lifestyle expectations are high, these changes may form part of broader discussions about child maintenance and living arrangements.
  1. The landscape is more complex – early planning is essential

The Autumn Budget 2025 creates a more complicated financial environment for separating couples, particularly those with:

  • High-value property portfolios
  • Significant investment income
  • Businesses or shareholdings
  • Trust structures
  • International assets
  • Large pension pots

Strategic advice at the earliest stage is crucial. The way assets are valued, shared, or retained now carries different long-term consequences than it did even a year ago.

Emma emphasises that, despite the added complexity, with the right advice families can still make informed and confident decisions about their future. If you’re considering separation or are in the early stages of divorce, Nelsons’ family law team can help you navigate the Budget’s implications and protect your long-term financial position.

To find out more about Nelsons’ family team, please visit: https://www.nelsonslaw.co.uk/personal-legal-services/family-law-solicitors/

For more information, please contact Huma Mian or Niamh Tracey at Cartwright on 0115 853 2110.

About Emma Davies

Emma is a partner and head the family law team at Nelsons. She qualified as a Solicitor in 2008 and has been at Nelsons since 2009.
Emma advises on divorce and financial settlements which involve complex issues and substantial assets. She also advises on pre and post nuptial agreements and separation agreements along with private law Children Act disputes. Emma is a qualified collaborative practitioner.
Emma’s areas of expertise include divorce, civil partnership dissolution, financial provision, collaborative law, pre-nuptial agreements, post-nuptial agreements, separation agreements, parental responsibility, child arrangements, and prohibited steps orders and specific issue orders.

About Nelsons: 

Nelsons was established in 1983 and provides support to businesses, individuals and families with their legal and investment needs. Nelsons’ experience and depth of resource has also enabled them to offer services to other solicitors through Fusion Legal – a mutually-beneficial referrals and support network for law firms. The firm is recognised by the leading, independently researched Legal 500 and is recommended by them in more than 20 practice areas. The firm is recommended by Chambers and Partners and also features in The Lawyer’s UK 200 Annual Report of the UK’s largest 200 law firms. Nelsons has offices throughout the East Midlands in Nottingham, Leicester & Derby

The Hidden Challenges Immigrant Parents Face in the UK Family Court
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The Hidden Challenges Immigrant Parents Face in the UK Family Court

Gergely Fried
Gergely Fried
McKenzie Friend and Founder of Everyman Justice

Sponsored post by Everyman Justice.

UK Family Court

When parents separate, the family court process can feel overwhelming for anyone. But for parents who have moved to the UK from abroad, the challenges are often deeper and more complex. Differences in language, legal systems, cultural expectations, and access to support can turn an already stressful situation into something far more daunting.

Many parents come from countries with different family law systems, communication styles, or cultural attitudes toward questioning authority. In those circumstances, tasks that may appear straightforward, such as completing forms or understanding a Cafcass letter, can feel intimidating and confusing. This article explores the language barriers, cultural misunderstandings, and systemic assumptions that can make the process harder for immigrant parents, and why empathy and clarity matter so much.

When English Is Not Your First Language

Even parents who speak English confidently in everyday life often struggle when faced with legal or formal language. Court correspondence uses specific terminology that carries precise meanings, and these meanings are not always obvious.

Terms such as parental responsibility, fact-finding hearing, or position statement are not part of ordinary conversation. Misunderstanding them can lead parents to respond in ways that unintentionally weaken their position. Some parents worry about appearing uninformed or uncooperative, so they avoid asking questions. That silence may then be misinterpreted as disengagement, when it is actually rooted in fear or uncertainty.

I have spoken to parents who read the same paragraph repeatedly without feeling sure they understood it correctly. The emotional weight of that confusion is often invisible to professionals, but it shapes how confidently or hesitantly a parent participates in the process.

The Emotional Pressure of Navigating Court Alone

Many parents going through family court have some form of support around them. Friends, extended family, or colleagues who are familiar with the UK system can help them make sense of what is happening.

Parents who have moved to the UK more recently often do not have that network. Some have no one they feel comfortable asking for guidance. Others worry that asking the “wrong” question might somehow harm their case. The fear of making a mistake can be paralysing.

When a parent is separated from their wider family and cultural community, the emotional stakes are even higher. The fear of losing contact with a child can feel amplified when there is no familiar support structure nearby. That emotional pressure can affect how parents communicate, how they present themselves, and how they cope with the demands of the process.

Cultural Differences and Misinterpretation

Family dynamics and communication styles vary widely across cultures. In some cultures, avoiding eye contact is a sign of respect. In others, emotional restraint is valued over direct expression. Some parents are raised to defer to authority rather than challenge it.

Within the UK family court system, these behaviours can sometimes be misunderstood. A parent who avoids eye contact may be seen as evasive. A parent who speaks passionately may be perceived as aggressive. A parent who hesitates to question professionals may be viewed as disengaged.

These interpretations are rarely intentional, but they can influence how a parent is perceived. When cultural context is not fully understood, well-intended behaviour can be misread in ways that affect outcomes.

A System That Assumes Prior Knowledge

Court forms and procedures, including C100 applications, C1A allegations, statements, and evidence bundles, often assume a baseline understanding of how the UK legal system operates. For many parents who have moved to the UK, that knowledge was never available to them.

Beyond the forms themselves, many parents are unaware of how decisions are actually made. Family courts operate on the balance of probabilities rather than certainty, which can be unfamiliar to those from different legal traditions.

Without understanding how evidence is assessed or how concerns are framed, parents may approach the process with expectations that do not align with how outcomes are decided. This can lead to frustration, confusion, and a sense that the system is unpredictable or unfair, even when procedures are being followed correctly.

Interpreters and Practical Access to Support

Language support does exist within the family court system, including access to interpreters when requested. However, many parents are unaware that this support is available or feel uncomfortable asking for it.

Clearer information about interpreter availability, alongside plainer language guidance and greater cultural awareness, could help reduce misunderstandings before they affect outcomes. Small changes in how information is explained and how behaviour is interpreted may significantly improve fairness without lowering standards.

Small Steps That Can Make a Difference

While every situation is different, a few approaches can help parents feel more grounded during proceedings:

Taking time to slow down. Court communication often feels urgent, but responding while overwhelmed increases confusion. Reading documents carefully, drafting responses before sending them, and asking for clarification where needed can reduce mistakes.

Separating emotion from structure. Emotional experiences are valid, but court documents usually require clarity and structure. Writing drafts privately before refining them can help parents express concerns in a way the court can engage with.

Keeping simple records. Many parents are unsure what evidence matters. Keeping a basic timeline of key events, copies of important messages, and notes of significant interactions can help parents stay organised and feel more prepared.

Why Empathy Matters for Children

Children are deeply affected by parental stress, even when it is not spoken about directly. Anxiety can show up in disrupted sleep, increased clinginess, or worry about conversations they only partially understand.

When parents feel calmer and more supported, they are better able to provide emotional stability. Clearer communication and reduced stress can help children feel safer during a period of uncertainty, which is ultimately what the family court process aims to protect.

A Closing Reflection

This article is not about criticising the family court system or promoting any particular service. It is an honest reflection on the emotional and practical barriers that parents from abroad often face when navigating an unfamiliar legal environment.

Needing extra explanation does not make a parent less capable. Asking questions does not indicate weakness. Struggling with an unfamiliar system does not reflect on a parent’s ability to care for their child.

Empathy, clarity, and understanding do not change the law, but they can change how families experience the process. And that can make a meaningful difference for both parents and children.

This article is intended for general information and emotional support only and does not constitute legal advice.

About Gergely Fried

Gergely Fried is a McKenzie Friend, author, and the founder of Everyman Justice. With a background in education and business, and personal experience of child arrangements proceedings, he supports parents navigating the UK family court system with calm, practical guidance and emotional insight. His work focuses on clarity, emotional understanding, and reducing unnecessary conflict, always with the child’s wellbeing at the centre.

His book, Conflict by Design, guides parents step by step through child arrangements proceedings using a realistic case narrative, explaining what to expect in clear, accessible language rather than legal or academic jargon.

Everyman Justice: https://everymanjustice.co.uk/
Support & Help: https://everymanjustice.co.uk/support-and-help/

Pre-nuptial vs. Post-nuptial Agreements: Which One Do You Need?
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Pre-nuptial vs. Post-nuptial Agreements: Which One Do You Need?

Kaylee Justham
Kaylee Justham
Solicitor
Rainer Hughes

When approaching a milestone event such as a marriage or civil partnership, it is always a good time to reassess your financial position and put plans in place to protect yourself. This is particularly important if there is an imbalance in wealth between the two partners, such as one partner having business assets or a large inheritance. It is natural for that partner to wish to preserve or retain the wealth they have already accumulated, in the event of a future divorce or dissolution, particularly where there are children involved whose future needs are required to be considered. On the other hand, it is also sensible to plan ahead and determine how financial settlements should be arranged, in the event of a relationship breakdown, and this peace of mind is what a pre-nuptial and post-nuptial agreement provides. 

Pre-nuptial and post-nuptial agreements have previously been the domain of high-profile people and couples involved in a high net worth divorce or partnership dissolution, but they have become increasingly popular as people take sensible steps to avoid costly litigation in the event of a relationship breakdown, and at an already stressful time. 

What is a pre-nuptial agreement?

A pre-nuptial agreement is a formal agreement that a couple enter into prior to a marriage or a civil partnership. The agreement sets out how assets and financial arrangements will be divided in the event of the relationship ending, and therefore predetermines a financial settlement. This removes stress, provides clarity and avoids disputes which could result in costly court proceedings. A partner can use a pre-nuptial agreement to protect assets they have already accumulated from future claims, which UK laws might otherwise dictate are shared with the other partner. 

What is a post-nuptial agreement?

A post-nuptial agreement is very similar to a pre-nuptial agreement in terms of its contents and purpose, but this is an agreement entered into by two partners who are already married, or who are already in a civil partnership. A post-nuptial agreement also defines how assets and financial arrangements will be divided in the event of a relationship ending.  

The key differences between pre-nuptial and post-nuptial agreements

It is common for people to come to a decision that they wish to protect their own financial assets, and to provide clarity on how this is done, but this decision can be made at different times. Of course, these arrangements can be made before or after a wedding or civil partnership ceremony and therefore can be a pre- or post-nuptial agreement accordingly. However, there are other important differences in each arrangement which could suit certain people at certain times. 

  • Separation before divorce – A post-nuptial agreement can be useful in a scenario where a couple wish to separate, but have not yet decided that divorce or dissolution is the right conclusion. This could be due to various circumstances, including financial circumstances. In this event, a post-nuptial agreement acts as a holding position to define the current agreement, until such a time that a divorce or dissolution is decided upon and agreed to be the next course of action.  
  • Wealth accumulated during a marriage/civil partnership – It is also common for one partner to come into significant wealth during a marriage or civil partnership. This could be an inheritance, or through the sale of a business or a property owned prior to the marriage or civil partnership, for example. In this case, wealth protection is very important, and a post-nuptial agreement can clarify how this new wealth should be divided in the future.  
  • Condition – Although it is not considered a particularly romantic gesture and is considered by some to be putting a negative slant on an impending marriage or civil partnership, one partner may insist on a pre-nuptial agreement being put in place prior to the relationship becoming formal, and hence this becomes a condition that may even prevent the marriage or civil partnership going ahead. At the same time, it should be stressed that both partners have to enter into a pre- or post-nuptial agreement willingly and without pressure or duress, for it to be enforceable. 

The key difference is that a post-nuptial agreement can protect a partner in the event that circumstances change during a marriage or civil partnership, and these circumstances weren’t known prior to the marriage or civil partnership.  

What should pre- nuptial and post-nuptial agreements contain?

Common inclusions in a pre- or post-nuptial agreement are:

  • Property – Whether marital or non-marital
  • Bank accounts – Protecting individual income and savings and dividing joint accounts
  • Debts – Again, whether marital or non-marital
  • Maintenance – Arrangements for funding childcare 
  • Pensions – How these will be divided
  • Inheritance – Whether to keep separate and/or pass down to children
  • Valuable property – How items such as jewellery, artwork or valuable furniture is divided
  • Business interests – Dividing business assets and restricting sale or transfer if applicable

A pre- or post-nuptial agreement wouldn’t normally predetermine child arrangements, as these can change over time. It also wouldn’t include personal issues, such as clauses relating to lifestyle choices, household responsibilities or social media usage. 

What considerations should you make when preparing a pre- or post-nuptial agreement? 

A pre- or post-nuptial agreement is not yet a legally binding agreement in the UK, but they are usually given significant weighting by the courts in the event that certain conditions are met. These can include:

  • A pre-nuptial agreement should be entered into at least 28 days prior to a marriage or civil partnership, to avoid accusations that undue pressure or coercion was involved.
  • There should be full financial disclosure from both parties. 
  • Both partners were provided with independent legal and financial advice prior to formalising the agreement. 
  • The agreement is fair and reasonable for both parties and also prioritises the needs of any children involved in the relationship. 

Although a pre- or post-nuptial agreement requires both partners to look into the future and assess the likelihood of certain things happening, and many people might not like to do that, such agreements can provide an element of trust and peace of mind and prevents the possibility of disputes in the future. Ultimately, this can help to make the divorce, separation and dissolution process amicable and much less emotional.

About Kaylee Justham

Kaylee Justham joined Rainer Hughes Solicitors August 2023 as a Solicitor in the Family Department. Kaylee has over 10 years’ experience working in Family Law, starting off as a paralegal and Trainee Solicitor in which she qualified as a Solicitor in May 2018. Kaylee provides a wide range of services to her clients to include all aspects of family matters to include; matrimonial matters, cohabitation disputes and private children matters. Kaylee also has experience with drafting Wills, Legal Power of Attorneys and Deeds of Trusts.

Kaylee regularly represents her clients in Court and prides herself on her friendly, approachable, direct and forward-thinking manner. Kaylee understands the needs of her clients and strives to act in their best interests in helping them to achieve the best possible results.

Kaylee is considered an extremely safe pair of hands and is dedicated to listening to her clients and aiming to make the process as stress free as possible.

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